ABSTRACT
This research examined the concept of collective security under international law and specifically examined the basis of the existence of such arrangements, the challenges and problems facing them and also proffered solutions to identified problems by way of recommendations at the end of the research. The doctrinal method of research was used to analyze the concept of collective security under international law generally with particular reference to the West African region. Some relevant literatures on collective security under international law were relied upon in the appraisal of the concept, starting from its historical evolution with the formation of the League of Nations to the United Nations (UN) and later regional arrangements like the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS). Some of the challenges and problems facing the various collective security arrangements locally and globally identified include, lack of funds to facilitate activities like peacekeeping operations and humanitarian aid, fighting environmental challenges like floods and earthquakes. Political military and legal challenges were also identified in the research. On the whole it was found out that the concept of collective security is a vital one to the development of peace and security at all levels. And in view of the challenges and problems identified it was therefore recommended that collective security arrangements should endeavour to intervene promptly in crisis of member states. Considering the slow response of the United Nations Security Council in crises of some member states we recommend the creation of a new organ with no permanent members, but representatives of all continents on rotational basis; and that among other things Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) should enhance its border security to reduce illegal migrations and proliferation of arms that contribute immensely to the acts of terrorism.
| TABLE OF CONTENTS | ||||||||||
| Title page | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | i |
| Declaration | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | ii |
| Certification | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | iii |
| Dedication | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | iv |
| Acknowledgement | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | v | |
| Abstract | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | vii |
| Table of Contents | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | viii |
| Table of Abbreviations | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | xi | |
| Table of statutes | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | xiii |
| CHAPTER ONE: GENERAL INTRODUCTION | ||||||||||
| 1.1 | Background of the Study | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1 | |
| 1.2 | Statement of the problem | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 5 | |
| 1.3 | Aims and objectives of the Research – | – | – | – | – | – | 7 | |||
| 1.4 | Justification of the Research | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 7 | |
| 1.5 | Scope of Research | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 8 |
| 1.6 | Research Methodology | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 8 | |
| 1.7 | Literature Review | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 9 |
| 1.8 | Organizational Layout | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | ||
| 14 | ||||||||||
CHAPTER TWO: CONCEPTUAL AND LEGAL FOUNDATIONS FOR COLLECTIVE SECURITY
| 2.1 | Introduction – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 16 |
| 2.2 | Conceptual Clarification of Terms and Legal Framework- | – | – | – | 17 | |||||
| 2.3 | History and Development of Collective Security | – | – | – | – | 26 | ||||
| 2.4 | Types of Collective Security Bodies | – | – | – | – | – | – | 34 | ||
| 8 | ||||||||||
| 2.4.1 | The United Nations | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 35 | |
| 2.4.2 | The African Union | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 40 | |
| 2.4.3 | North Atlantic Treaty Organization’s (NATO) | – | – | – | 44 | |||||
| 2.4.4 | Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS)- | – | 46 | |||||||
| 2.4.5 | The South African Development Community (SADC) | – | – | 47 | ||||||
| 2.4.6 | Intergovernmental Authority for Development (IGAD) | – | – | 48 | ||||||
| 2.4.7 | ANZUS Pact | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 50 | |
| 2.4.8 | South East Asian Treaty Organization (SEATO) | – | – | – | 50 | |||||
| 2.4.9 | Central Treaty Organization (CENTO) | – | – | – | – | 50 | ||||
| 2.4.10 WARSAW Pact | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 51 | ||
| 2.4.11 The Arab League | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 52 | ||
| CHAPTER THREE: COLLECTIVE SECURITY IN WEST AFRICA | ||||||||||
| 3.1 Introduction- | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 54 | |
| 3.2 The Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) | – | – | 54 | |||||||
| 3.2.1 | The Authority of Heads of State and Government | – | – | – | 55 | |||||
| 3.2.2 | The Commission | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 56 | |
| 3.2.3 | The Parliament – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 57 | |
| 3.2.4 | The Community Court of Justice | – | – | – | – | – | 58 | |||
| 3.2.5 | ECOWAS Bank for Investment and | |||||||||
| Development (ECOBANK) | – | – | – | – | – | 60 | ||||
| 3.3 The Economic Community of West African States | ||||||||||
| Monitoring Group (ECOMOG) | – | – | – | – | – | – | 61 | |||
| 3.3.1 | ECOWAS before the Creation of ECOMOG | – | – | – | – | 62 | ||||
| 3.3.2 | ECOWAS after the Creation of ECOMOG | – | – | – | – | 65 | ||||
| 3.4 The Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) | ||||||||||
| Mechanism on Collective Security | – | – | – | – | – | – | ||||
| 70 | ||||||||||
CHAPTER FOUR: THE CHALLENGES AND PROBLEMS OF THE CONCEPT OF COLLECTIVE SECURITY
| 4.1 | Introduction | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 81 | |
| 4.2 | Global Challenges of Collective Security | – | – | – | – | – | 82 | |||||
| 4.3 | Regional Challenges of Collective Security with Particular | |||||||||||
| Reference to West Africa | – | – | – | – | – | – | 90 | |||||
| 4.3.1 | Political Challenges | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 90 | |||
| 4.3.2 | Military Challenges | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 94 | |||
| 4.3.3 | Technical Challenges – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 97 | ||||
| 4.3.4 | Legal Challenges | – | – | – | – | – | – | 100 | ||||
| CHAPTER FIVE: SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION | ||||||||||||
| 5.1 | Summary | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 104 | ||
| 5.2 | Findings | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 105 | ||
| 5.3 | Recommendations | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 107 | |||
| 5.4 | Conclusion | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 109 | |
| References | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 112 | |||
| LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS | ||
| Symbol | Meaning | |
| A.U | – | African Union |
| ECOWAS | – | Economic Community of West African States |
| NATO | – | North Atlantic Treaty Organization |
| UN | – | United Nations |
| UNSC | – | United Nations Security Council |
| EU | – | European Union |
| ECOMOG | – | ECOWAS Monitoring Group |
| SEATO | – | South East Asian Organization |
| SADC | – | South African Development Community |
| IGAD | – | Intergovernmental Authority for Development |
| DPKRS | – | Department of Peacekeeping and Regional Security |
| EBID | – | ECOWAS Bank for Investment and Development |
| ERIB | – | ECOWAS Regional Investment Bank |
| ERDF | – | ECOWAS Regional Development Fund |
| NEPAD | – | New Partnership for Africa Development |
| PNA | – | Protocol Relating to Non-Aggression |
| AAFC | – | Allied Armed Forces of the Community |
| PMAD | – | Protocol Relating to Mutual Assistance and Defence |
| MSC | – | Mediation and Security Council |
| DSC | – | Defense and Security Commission |
| SALW | – | Small Arms and Light Weapons |
| TOC | – | Transnational Organized Crimes |
LIST OF STATUTES
Constitutive Act of the African Union, 2000
Economic Community of West African States Revised Treaty 1993
Non-aggression Pact of 1978
Protocol on Mutual Defense Assistance 1989
Protocol Relating to the Mechanism for Conflict Prevention, Management, Resolution, Peacekeeping and Security 1999
United Nations Charter 1945